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National Legal Registry

Indian Bare Acts

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Fundamental rights, central government organs, and national administrative legislations.

Understanding Indian Bare Acts & Key Codes

New to legal research? Learn about Bare Acts and get a breakdown of the landmark legislative codes governing the Indian legal system.

What is a Bare Act?

A Bare Act contains the official, word-for-word text of a law as passed by the Parliament of India or a State Legislative Assembly. It is called "bare" because it contains no legal opinions, case annotations, or extensive explanations.

For lawyers, judges, students, and citizens, the Bare Act serves as the primary source of truth to understand the statutory text exactly as the legislature intended.

Central vs. State Acts

Central Acts apply across the entire territory of India (e.g. the Indian Penal Code or the newer BNS), while State Acts are enacted by state governments to govern state-specific matters (e.g. state police acts or municipal codes).

Important Landmarks & Key Codes

Indian Penal Code (IPC) & Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS)

The IPC (1860) has historically defined offenses and punishments. In 2023, it was replaced by the modern Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), which introduces contemporary provisions, digital crime rules, and community services.

Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) & Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)

The CrPC (1973) outlines criminal trial administration, arrests, and bail procedures. The new Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) replaces it to prioritize timeline enforcement and digital records.

Indian Evidence Act (IEA) & Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA)

Historically, the IEA (1872) regulated the admissibility of evidence. It is replaced by the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) to put electronic/digital records on par with primary paper documents.

Code of Civil Procedure (CPC, 1908)

Governs the procedure and administration of all civil litigation, suits, appeals, and execution of decrees in Indian civil courts.

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